c This result could have been expected because during each full rotation, each arm would be parallel to the wind twice (facing into and away from the wind giving identical readings) and perpendicular to the wind twice. As shown in Fig. 3 v 3 In a frame relative to which the apparatus is moving, the same reasoning applies as described above in "Length contraction and Lorentz transformation", except the word "aether" has to be replaced by "non-comoving inertial frame". Donc il n’y a aucun décalage temporel entre les deux faisceaux. [A 6] This could be explained by using Fresnel's dragging coefficient, according to which the aether and thus light are partially dragged by moving matter. L = − Le but de l’expérience de Michelson et de Morley était de mettre en évidence le mouvement de la Terre par rapport à l’éther qui était alors considéré comme un référentiel absolu. Temps et relativité restreinte Expérience de Michelson-Morley Une sélection de passages de l’article original de Michelson et Morley est proposée, ainsi qu’une traduction. Vibrations were further reduced by building the apparatus on top of a large block of sandstone (Fig. d-Les observations de Michelson et Morley : Le premier interféromètre monté par Michelson n'étant pas assez précis, c'est avec Morley que finalement les deux chercheurs purent affirmer l’absence de déphasage et donc la non validité des hypothèses sur la composition des vitesses de … 2 The expected deviation of the interference fringes from the zero should have been 0.40 of a fringe – the maximum displacement was 0.02 and the average much less than 0.01 – and then not in the right place. T Examples of other experiments not based on the Michelson–Morley principle, i.e., non-optical isotropy tests achieving an even higher level of precision, are Clock comparison or Hughes–Drever experiments. . + 2 Cours de Mécanique 13-14, 3ème Bac. L'expérience menée par Michelson et Morley avait pour but de montrer l'existence de l'éther luminifère. L’étude de ces textes en … v These problems and their solution led to the development of the Lorentz transformation and special relativity. In 1877, while teaching at his alma mater, the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Michelson conducted his first known light speed experiments as a part of a classroom demonstration. This diminishes his speed to {\textstyle T_{2}} [A 1] Of this experiment, Einstein wrote, "If the Michelson–Morley experiment had not brought us into serious embarrassment, no one would have regarded the relativity theory as a (halfway) redemption. 3 The experiment was performed in several periods of concentrated observations between April and July 1887, in the basement of Adelbert Dormitory of WRU (later renamed Pierce Hall, demolished in 1962). It was clear due to theoretical reasons (the group character of the Lorentz transformation as required by the relativity principle) that the individual values of length contraction and time dilation must assume their exact relativistic form. + {\textstyle c} If one uses a half-silvered mirror as the beam splitter, the reflected beam will undergo a different number of front-surface reflections than the transmitted beam. If aether were dragged by mass, it was theorized that the mass of the sealed metal pipe would have been enough to cause a visible effect. 1 As mentioned above, Michelson initially believed that his experiment would confirm Stokes' theory, according to which the aether was fully dragged in the vicinity of the earth (see Aether drag hypothesis). v At any given point on the Earth's surface, the magnitude and direction of the wind would vary with time of day and season. . 2 Since L ≈ 11 meters and λ≈500 nanometers, the expected fringe shift was n ≈ 0.44. {\textstyle T_{\ell }} + Nous noterons v la vitesse de la Terre sur son orbite et L la longueur de chacun des bras de l'interféromètre. {\textstyle \gamma } {\textstyle \varphi =1/\gamma } 1 Notes la vitesse de lumière était déjà connue pour être de l'ordre de 3.10 8 m/s, la vitesse de la Terre par rapport au Soleil, donc par rapport à l'éther, de l'ordre 3 3 T 2 Même s’ils Comment Albert Michelson et Edward Morley ont ainsi monté leur expérience dont le résultat négatif allait se révéler comme l’un des plus inattendus de toute la physique, et comment sa discussion allait amener Einstein, pour l Nous adopterons un point de vue classique. Michelson-Morley experiment (zh).svg 431 × 317; 11 KB Michelson-Morley experiment conducted with white light.png 690 × 655; 91 KB Michelson-Morley Experiment Plaque.JPG 5,184 × 3,456; 5.82 MB ( 2 {\textstyle \varphi } T 3 This derivation is true if the experiment is orientated by any factor of 90° with respect to the aether wind. Kennedy also carried out an experiment at Mount Wilson, finding only about 1/10 the drift measured by Miller and no seasonal effects. L’éther est généralement considéré comme statique et immobile (sauf, bien sûr, pour la vibration), mais la Terre se déplaçait rapidement. De son expérience Michelson n'a pas conclut que la lumière était une 1 = v {\textstyle {\sqrt {L^{2}+\left(vT_{3}\right)^{2}}}} 2 (c) Expliquer pourquoi le concept d’ « éther » n'est ainsi plus pertinent selon Einstein. n : l’écart de temps mesuré était toujours rigoureusement nul. L 2 Other experimenters from around the world increased accuracy, eliminated possible side effects, or both. The beam hits the mirror at time {\textstyle L'_{1}=L'_{2}} So far, no one has been able to replicate Miller's results, and modern experimental accuracies have ruled them out. This was achieved by the Ives–Stilwell experiment (1938), measuring α in accordance with time dilation. On peut calculer la vitesse de rotation de la terre autour du soleil à partir du rayon de son orbite. [A 5] In addition, James Clerk Maxwell (1865) recognized the electromagnetic nature of light and developed what are now called Maxwell's equations, but these equations were still interpreted as describing the motion of waves through an aether, whose state of motion was unknown. φ ) − 7), but "since the displacement is proportional to the square of the velocity" they concluded that the measured velocity was "probably less than one-sixth" of the expected velocity of the Earth's motion in orbit and "certainly less than one-fourth. Notes la vitesse de lumière était déjà connue pour être de l'ordre de 3.10 8 m/s, la vitesse de la Terre par rapport au Soleil, donc par rapport à l'éther, de l'ordre Its results are generally considered to be the first strong evidence against the theory of a luminiferous ether and in favor of special relativity. With respect to the speed of the solar system around the galactic center of about 220 km/s (140 mi/s), or the speed of the solar system relative to the CMB rest frame of about 368 km/s (229 mi/s), the null results of those experiments are even more obvious. L’expérience de Michelson, (seul en 1881) puis avec Morley (en 1887) devait démontrer l'existence de l'éther luminifère. as mentioned above. The hypothesis of aether drift implies that because one of the arms would inevitably turn into the direction of the wind at the same time that another arm was turning perpendicularly to the wind, an effect should be noticeable even over a period of minutes. Vidéo Expérience de Michelson et Morley L’expérience de Michelson et Morley (entre 1881 et 1887) montre que la loi de composition des vitesses de la mécanique classique ne s’applique pas aux ondes lumineuses : la vitesse de propagation (ou célérité) c de la lumière est indépendante de la vitesse de déplacement de la Terre par rapport au Soleil (voir activité 1 page 210). J'ai lu la description de l'ex in the aether. L’expérience de Michelson-Morley Depuis la nuit des temps, les hommes savent que le ciel tourne autour de la Terre. . Michelson et Morley s’attendaient effectivement à observer des franges d’interférence permettant de déterminer la vitesse absolue de leur interféromètre c'est-à-dire de la terre à laquelle il était lié, car ils ne pouvaient connaître les + 2 Lorentz and FitzGerald rescued the theory from this difficulty by assuming that the motion of the body relative to the æther produces a contraction of the body in the direction of motion, the amount of contraction being just sufficient to compensate for the difference in time mentioned above. If the path lengths of the beams differ by a half-integral number of wavelengths (e.g., 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 ...), constructive interference will yield a strong signal. expérience de Michelson et Morley, f Superposition de plusieurs ondes lumineuses de même fréquence en une même zone de l’espace qui conduit à des maxima et des minima d’intensité lumineuse (franges d’interférence). 1 [A 3], Physics theories of the 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e., a "medium", to move across (in this case water), and audible sound requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "luminiferous aether", to transmit its wave motions. However, since the nuclear wave functions for different MJ have different orientations in space relative to the magnetic field, any orientation dependence, whether from an aether wind or from a dependence on the large-scale distribution of mass in space (see Mach's principle), would perturb the energy spacings between the four levels, resulting in an anomalous broadening or splitting of the line.
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