The capital was then moved back to Moscow following the Russian Revolution and the city was brought back as the political centre of the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union. [104], There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens. On 26 November 2018, the mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin took part in the ceremony to open the cable car above the Moskva River. The first direct elections from the time of the 2003 vote were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in September 2013. It was built on the site of the old demolished cathedral, where there had been a huge open swimming-pool until 1994. According to the new provisions of the Moscow Duma, there must be two containers in each courtyard: a blue one for plastic, paper, glass and metal and the other one gray, for wet waste. As an outermost line of defence, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy, Danilov, Simonov, Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters, seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. The total surface of the building is 23,500 m2, that include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved to referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen and a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved to journalists and a hotel for athletes.[131]. [14] The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometres (970 sq mi), while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometres (2,275 sq mi),[13] and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi). Levy of The New York Times wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Among them are the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; The State University of Management, and the National Research University - Higher School of Economics. Moscow (/ ˈ m ɒ s k oʊ /, / ˈ m ɒ s k aʊ /; Russian: Москва, tr. However, when final voting commenced on July 6, 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century. [52] Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall columns. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648. [66] The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights. The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. [24] Its cognates include Russian: музга, muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian: mazgoti and Latvian: mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit: májjati "to drown", Latin: mergō "to dip, immerse". Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city. Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. "Innovation in Russian District Heating: Opportunities, Barriers, Mechanisms", pp. [163] Topping the list of Russia's billionaires in 2009 is Mikhail Prokhorov with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more famous Roman Abramovich with $8.5 billion, in 2nd place. The chronicle says, "Come, my brother, to Moskov" (Original - Приди ко мне, брате, во Москов)[34], In 1156, Knjaz Yury Dolgoruky fortified the town with a timber fence and a moat. The cable car will work every day from 11 a.m. till 11 p.m. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. [24][28] In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine and North Macedonia. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. [105] The Russian State Library,[188] founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. Facadism is also widely practiced. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. The Moscow International Business Center is one of largest financial centres of Europe and the world, and features some of Europe's tallest skyscrapers. [166] The Moscow Jewelry Factory[167] and the Jewellerprom[168] are producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the exclusive Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II. Moscow's nine rail terminals (or vokzals) are: The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metroline to the centre of town. [88] Other religions practiced in Moscow include Armenian Apostolicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Catholicism, Islam, Judaism, Yazidism, Old Believers, Protestantism, and Rodnovery. Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators. The Third Ring Road, intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. [189][190], The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in Russian history. PIB par habitant (Parité pouvoir d'achat) ($ international courant) Cet indicateur, bien que complexe, est l'un des plus adéquats pour comparer des économies entre elles. On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August. [179], There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges. [92], For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. Moscow begins recycling its rubbish", Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow, https://www.forbes.ru/rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes, "Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict", "Валовой региональный продукт::Мордовиястат", "• EUR RUB average annual exchange rate 1999–2016 | Statistic", "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "Gross regional product per capita in regions of the Russian Federation in 1998 to 2017", "Дожить до зарплаты: Сколько сегодня получают москвичи? The park has 29 unique attractions with many rides, as well as pedestrian malls with fountains and cycle paths. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev. M.C.C. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia. All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area. Aside from aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of Moscow Metro is a circle-shaped looped subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya, "ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has been the country's traditional religion and was deemed a part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997. Daylight saving time is no longer observed. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. [47] Stalin rejected this suggestion, and after it was suggested again to him by Nikolai Yezhov, he was "outraged", saying "What do I need this for?". The original Moscow Kremlin was built in the 14th century. In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legislative, executive and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which has been located in Saint Petersburg since 2008. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,[110] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries. According to the law “On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow”, since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality. The Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. [115] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on Single-mandate constituency basis. The main part (689,000 square metres or 170 acres)[106] along the Moskva river contains estrades, children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600. Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow. Since then, a market economy has emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). The trams also provide important cross links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino. The Britons called for tunnelling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. [140], Waste management has been a sore point in the Russian capital for a long time, as well as in the country in general. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to become fluent in the Russian language.[182]. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682. [100] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov[101] and Mayakovskaya metro station. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square,[94] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults. The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town). Sa population comptait pour 0,23 % de la population du pays. rcp hiscox RUSSIE A LA CARTE // TRANSFERTS & HEBERGEMENTS CHEZ L’HABITANT - tarifs indicatifs 2014 pour les destinations fréquemment demandées - A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. Consultez les données financières de la Banque mondiale, mais pas seulement : vous pouvez réarranger les séries de données et les représenter sous la forme qui vous convient le mieux, les partager avec d’autres utilisateurs du site ou via les réseaux sociaux et les avoir à portée de main sur votre téléphone mobile. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.[133]. Based on Forbes' 2011 list of the world's billionaires, Moscow is the city with the most billionaires in the world, with 79 from 115 in all of Russia.[164]. Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city. Décès cette année: Teplostanskaya highland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet). [20] Moscow is also home to the tallest free-standing structure in Europe, the Ostankino Tower, and was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, and one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. [138], The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and Ministry of Emergency Situations , 102 is the Police one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number. He took control of the ancient "Novgorod Chronicle" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.[36][37]. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. The original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky,[24][25] hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. Russie Population. [151] As of 2017[update], the nominal GRP in Moscow reached ₽15.7 trillion[152][153] $270 billion (~$0.7 trillion in Purchasing Power[154]),[155] US$22,000 per capita(~$60,000 per capita in Purchasing Power[154][156]). There are three tram networks in the city: In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. The city of Zelenograd was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along with the Leningradskoye Shosse, and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs. The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. Moskva, IPA: ()) is the capital and largest city of Russia.The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits, while over 17 million residents in the urban area, and over 20 million residents in the Moscow Metropolitan Area. The new mosque has the capacity of ten thousand worshippers. No additional fare is needed (first metro-monorail transfer in 90 minutes does not charge). In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city. [116] Most of the surviving churches and monasteries were closed and then used as clubs, offices, factories or even warehouses. Otkrytiye Arena , home of FC Spartak Moscow, VTB Arena, home of FC Dynamo Moscow and HC Dynamo Moscow. In March 2009 the Russian business newspaper Kommersant[214][215][216][217] reported that because of the worldwide financial crisis of 2007–2008, many of the construction projects in Moscow (especially in the Moscow International Business Center) are frozen and may be cancelled altogether—like the ambitious "Russia Tower" in "Moscow-city". Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating. Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction. It was administratively divided into twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city. There are on average 27 square meters (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York.[106]. However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow, burning everything except the Kremlin. [62] The average July temperature from 1981 to 2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F). Réseau international d’enquêtes auprès des ménages (IHSN) (a), Plate-forme conjointe sur la dette extérieure, Guide pratique pour l’ouverture des données publiques, Statistiques semestrielles sur la dette extérieure, Fonds fiduciaire pour le renforcement des capacités statistiques, Indicateurs du développement dans le monde (a), Portails et outils relatifs aux données (a), Inscriptions à l’école, primaire (% brut), Émissions de CO2 (tonnes métriques par habitant), Ratio de la population pauvre en fonction du seuil de pauvreté national (% de la population), Espérance de vie à la naissance, total (années), RNB par habitant, méthode Atlas ($ US courants), Le niveau global de la capacité statistique (échelle de 0 - 100), Portail de connaissance sur le changement climatique. Another circle metro line - Big Circle Line (Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya) is under construction and will be finished about 2023. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), while now it is about −7.0 °C (19.4 °F). In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. Il permet de chercher, cartographier, comparer, synthétiser ou représenter graphiquement les changements climatiques, leurs répercussions sur le développement et les options d’adaptation. [136] The general level of crime is quite low. When Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium, although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city. NPO Energomash, producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race, are in nearby Khimki, an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing primogeniture, whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. Après 20 ans de baisse, la population de la Russie a augmentée à nouveau à partir de 2011, repassant au-dessus de 146 millions d’habitants en 2016. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa, Wizz Air and others. The Cherkizovskiy marketplace was the largest marketplace in Europe, with a daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten thousand venders[162] from different countries (including China, Turkey, Azerbaijan and India). The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the Senate Palace. 2. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-centre. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road, which had existed since the 16th century. The Polytechnical Museum,[117] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. [174], In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row. The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years[98] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels. Selon le FMI, la Russie a augmenter son PIB de +14% pour atteindre 1 442 milliards de dollars. Президент Российской Федерации. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (0.62 miles) of track and three switches. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company. [109], Lilac Park, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. 45-46]. The city has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow.
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